liver ecosystem – Clinical Value of Diagnostics https://clinicalvalue.com Fri, 10 Jan 2025 01:45:12 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.6.2 https://i0.wp.com/clinicalvalue.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/apple-touch-icon.png?fit=32%2C32&ssl=1 liver ecosystem – Clinical Value of Diagnostics https://clinicalvalue.com 32 32 225041835 Turning the Tide Against Hep B and HCC: Insights from New Zealand’s National Screening and Surveillance Program https://clinicalvalue.com/turning-the-tide-against-hep-b-and-hcc-leap/ Mon, 08 Apr 2024 08:39:37 +0000 https://clinicalvalue.com/?p=8215 ...

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Liver Ecosystem Advancement Project (LEAP) highlights New Zealand’s successful National Hepatitis B Screening Program

Listen to the podcast interview with Prof. Ed Gane on New Zealand’s National Hep B Screening and Surveillance Program

The Challenge of Viral Hepatitis and HCC in New Zealand: A Closer Look

Globally, 240 million people are affected by hepatitis B virus (HBV, Hep B), surpassing deaths from tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria in the WHO Western Pacific Region [1]. HBV is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with chronic infections accounting for over half of HCC cases [2]. In response, the United Nations aims to reduce HBV infections and deaths by 2030, with vaccinations from 1990 to 2020 preventing an estimated 310 million infections [3].

In New Zealand, HBV significantly impacts Maori (5.6%), Pacific peoples (7.3%), and Asians (6.2%), who represent over 50% of liver disease mortality, compared to 10% among European New Zealanders [1].

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Despite a robust healthcare system, New Zealand faces hurdles in enhancing public awareness, fighting stigma, and increasing testing access, as emphasised by Prof. Ed Gane, Chief Hepatologist, Transplant Physician and Deputy Director of the New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit at Auckland City Hospital, and Professor of Medicine at the University of Auckland, New Zealand.

Nearly half of New Zealand’s chronic HBV infections remain undiagnosed [1], leading to late HCC detection.

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Advanced-stage diagnoses leave limited treatment options, with life expectancy post-diagnosis ranging from 7 to 22 months [4]. This underscores the need for better HBV screening, diligent follow-up, and robust HCC surveillance to improve outcomes.

In response, the New Zealand National Hepatitis B Screening Program [5] emphasises early detection, public awareness, and healthcare access, serving as a global model for managing HBV and strengthening HCC surveillance protocols to enhance patient outcomes.

From Vision to Victory: The Journey of New Zealand’s Hepatitis Screening Program

New Zealand faced a unique challenge. Despite successful neonatal vaccination drives, many adults were already living with HBV infection. 

Chronic HBV often remains asymptomatic until serious complications – like liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC- arise. With only about 10% of those infected [3] being diagnosed in 1990, the Hepatitis Foundation of New Zealand [6] took action.

They launched the National Hep B Screening and Surveillance Program, which targeted undiagnosed chronic HBV in adults not covered by earlier neonatal vaccination efforts. Through Screening 177,292 people, 11,936 individuals were identified with chronic HBV [7] and provided with biannual monitoring and lifelong follow-up. The program is unique because it is fully funded by the government but executed by an experienced NGO, The Hepatitis Foundation of New Zealand. This partnership used cost-effective antiviral therapies and early liver cancer detection to improve outcomes significantly. Today, thanks to the work of the Hepatitis Foundation, 50-60% of people living with HBV in New Zealand have been diagnosed.

The program’s success is primarily due to government support, spurred by the foundation’s efforts to spotlight HBV’s toll on vulnerable groups like Māori and Pacific Islanders. Engaging these communities and gaining local leaders’ endorsement has been pivotal, transforming the initiative from mere healthcare provision to a proactive health solution by boosting awareness and tackling stigma at the grassroots.

The program has revolutionised care for chronic Hepatitis B, caring for over 16,000 individuals and dramatically increasing survival rates. With 80% of HBV-HCC cases detected early and receiving curative treatment, the program vastly outperformed the 7% curative treatment rate of cases found outside the program [4]. Survival rates have impressively increased, with 66% of those diagnosed within the program surviving over 10-years post-diagnosis, compared to just 9% outside the program. Moreover, the drastic reduction in palliative cases—from 68% to 26% since 1996 to 2021 [4]—and significant strides in preventing mother-to-child transmission underline the program’s impact on public health [6].

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Treatment protocols include Nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs) like entecavir and tenofovir disoproxil, which suppress HBV DNA long-term in compliant patients, alongside alternatives such as lamivudine, adefovir, and telbivudine, and pegylated interferon for potential seroconversion after 48 weeks [6]. 

This national program is still ongoing till today and exemplifies a comprehensive approach to hepatitis B management through continuous surveillance efforts to maintain a robust defence against HBV and its complications.

The Road Ahead: Strategic Insights for Advancing Hepatitis Care

Despite the success of the program, New Zealand still faces challenges in liver disease management that stretch its capacity and underscore the need for adaptation. [4] Late-stage detection is widespread, worsened by an increase in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) cases linked to obesity and diabetes [4,8]. This rise strains resources, as does the growing demand for six monthly alpha-feto protein (AFP) tests and ultrasounds for high-risk patients [4]. 

“We’re facing a supply and demand issue with ultrasound,” explains Prof. Ed Gane, noting the rise in chronic viral hepatitis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) diagnoses leading to increased ultrasound referrals, especially in ultrasound-scarce rural areas. He suggests exploring alternatives to ultrasound, emphasising the potential of new serum markers like PIVKA-II and GAAD.

Ultrasound is often inadequate for detecting small HCC in patients with advanced fatty liver and NASH, and the rise of HCC in NASH patients without cirrhosis complicates screening decisions [9]. FibroScan’s effectiveness decreases in patients with high BMI, and liver biopsy, the definitive NASH test, poses risks, costs, and potential for errors [9].

Care delivery still continues to face significant hurdles, especially in reaching populations in remote areas, with low GP engagement and high mistrust, particularly among the Māori, who are disproportionately affected by HCC. A strict ‘did-not-attend’ policy requires patients to secure new referrals if they miss an appointment. This creates a systematic barrier that disproportionately affects those who have difficulty navigating the healthcare system, leading to what is described as a “postcode lottery of care.”[4,9].

These challenges underscore the need for the program to adapt, using targeted strategies to address the evolving nature of liver disease effectively. To improve hepatitis B surveillance and early HCC detection, efforts need to be centred around collaboration, innovation, and inclusivity, including: 

  • Leveraging partnerships with pharmaceutical companies, as demonstrated through Prof. Ed Gane’s work in hepatitis C initiatives, has broadened testing and care access, showcasing the impact of joint efforts.
  • Integrating serum biomarkers like PIVKA-II and GAAD with AFP into the Standard of Care (SOC) has sharpened HCC detection, particularly for early-stage tumours, by facilitating blood tests in local clinics for efficient patient triaging and reducing the demand for imaging services. [9].
  • Customising healthcare access for Māori, Asians, and Pacific Islanders through increased awareness and free screening has improved program engagement.
  • Adopting strategies from the “Stick it to Hep C” campaign, such as finger prick point-of-care (POC) testing in pharmacies and clinics, has simplified testing access, enhancing early diagnosis. 

Listen to our podcast episode with Prof. Ed Gane to find out more about the campaign.

Conclusion

By harnessing innovative diagnostics, enhanced screening methods, and tailored strategies, the approach has shifted from merely managing to actively curing viral hepatitis and HCC, giving hope for a future with improved liver health.

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Patient-centric and ecosystem insights into hepatocellular carcinoma across Asia-Pacific – LEAP https://clinicalvalue.com/patient-centric-and-ecosystem-insights-into-hepatocellular-carcinoma-across-asia-pacific-leap/ Mon, 02 Oct 2023 02:36:24 +0000 https://clinicalvalue.com/?p=7337 In this white paper, insights on the liver ecosystem are uncovered, with the intention of facilitating action among various stakeholders to reduce liver cancer incidence and mortality in APAC. Read the whitepaper to find out more about the various active initiatives and recommendations for next steps. ...

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is largely preventable, with decades of time to intervene, yet millions still die from it. It is however not incomprehensible why this happens. The journey from liver disease to liver cancer is complex—a myriad of broken healthcare systems, patient behaviors, cultural influences, stigma, funding, and limited healthcare professional (HCP) capacity. At first glance, it seems overwhelming, leaving us with the question—where should we intervene?

Some cancers like breast cancer have high incidence but comparatively low mortality1. Liver cancer is the opposite; it often goes undetected until it reaches a late stage, resulting in dismal prognosis. Late presentation is a top issue in liver cancer. Without pain receptors, the liver has minimal symptoms until it is damaged beyond cure. People usually die within 6 – 22 months of a late-stage HCC diagnosis.2 HCC is known as the ‘silent killer’ and is typically diagnosed at a late stage, which has a <5% 5-year survival rate. If diagnosed early, the 5-year survival rate increases to 40 – 70%.3&4

Given the complexity, there is no single solution. Rather, it will take concerted action from multiple stakeholders in the system to bring about positive change. That said, there are logical places to start. First, we need to understand the ecosystem. An ecosystem represents factors required to deliver a service, in this case, liver care. It helps identify solution, scope, and strategy by providing a holistic view of actors, processes, flow, influence, and relationships.

Hepatitis B and C are the major causes of chronic liver disease and liver cancer in the world. An ongoing infection causes inflammation in the liver. This extended inflammation can cause scarring, called cirrhosis, and can ultimately lead to liver cancer. The Asia-Pacific region bears the highest overall burden of HBV, with 59% of those living with chronic HBV, 26% of new infections, and 79% of deaths.5 Given the shifting etiology with rising fatty liver disease, there is a pressing need to re-assess risk factors and stratify patients to ensure we are not failing to detect. Being able to optimize surveillance protocols based on patient risk will improve efficiency and ability to catch early HCC and drastically improve survival.

To further maximize the benefit of a surveillance program, or any other initiative, it is important to consider surrounding opportunities up- and down-stream. For example, surveillance programs will benefit from upstream awareness efforts to improve throughput, and down-stream availability of treatments. This paper provides an appreciation for the end-to-end patient journey and their needs along the way. Fundamentally, it advocates for the improvement of human life in the midst of receiving liver care, both clinically and experientially.

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From the research, a central theme emerged – ultrasound used in HCC surveillance is a major bottleneck. It is the cause of delayed or even missed diagnosis, and stark inequities in care. Biomarkers such as PIVKA-II complementing AFP show promise in lessening this problem while also offering improved sensitivity and specificity for HCC detection.

This White Paper intends to facilitate concerted action among HCPs, patient advocacy groups, payers, and policy makers to reduce liver cancer incidence and mortality in APAC. It shares both holistic ecosystem and detailed human-centric insights as a starting point for change. Working with Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) we provide tangible examples of active initiatives, and recommendations for taking the next steps.

Download or read the white paper below to find out more.

Stay tuned for interviews with select KOLs featured in the white paper, as they share about their insights and learning points on the initiatives piloted in their country.

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Advancing Liver Health Ecosystem for Improve Patient Outcomes: A Hong Kong Perspective https://clinicalvalue.com/advancing-liver-health-ecosystem-for-improve-patient-outcomes-a-hong-kong-perspective/ Mon, 18 Sep 2023 01:40:01 +0000 https://clinicalvalue.com/?p=7289 In this interview with Prof Yuen, Chief of Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology in the University of Hong Kong, explore Hong Kong's current liver health ecosystem, some of the challenges in liver screening, and Prof Yuen's hopes for the future of liver health in Hong Kong. ...

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Prof MF Yuen & Ronald Lo discuss the liver health ecosystem in Hong Kong, including hepatitis screening and HCC surveillance

Find out more about PIVKA-II in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) detection, or download our HCC Detection (HD) expert pack by filling in the form below:

Get the latest updates in the liver space with our HCC detection (HD) expert pack.

Includes:

  • Highlights and a PDF copy of the latest APAC regional consensus for PIVKA-II and AFP in HCC
  • APASL 2023 Congress Report
  • Updates on future studies and patient cases

Interview transcript:

Ronald Lo:

Hello everyone! Welcome to this video. I’m Ronald, the General Manager of Roche Diagnostics Hong Kong. It’s my honour today to invite Professor Yuen to have a discussion around the topics of hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hello Professor Yuen.

Prof. MF Yuen:

Hi, I am Professor MF Yuen, the Chief of Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology in the University of Hong Kong.

Ronald Lo:

Again, thank you so much for joining us today. So the first question I would like to get your advice would be, what is the current liver health landscape in Hong Kong; and what are the unmet needs in hepatitis screening and HCC detection in Hong Kong?

Prof. MF Yuen:

At present, Hong Kong still has a high prevalence of 7.8% hepatitis B population, amounting more than 550,000 people. According to the most recent statistics, there were more than 1,700 new cases of liver cancer in 2020. And it is known that more than 80% of Hepatocellular Carcinoma are caused by Hepatitis B infection. Even with this high rate, we do not have population screening program for Hepatitis B infection, and the surveillance for HCC is also suboptimal with respect to the lack of routine regular ultrasound of the liver for Hepatitis B patients. It is mainly due to manpower and financial constraint in the public hospital sector. On top of all these, we do not have a well-organised strategy to deliver disease information to our population. Majority of people do not know the serious disease consequence of Hepatitis B infection which may lead to early death. They also lack of knowledge of early treatment would prevent all these deleterious outcomes.

Ronald Lo:

So I would like to learn from you more, what are the recent advances in the diagnosis of HCC; and how do you see these impacting patient care and the chronic liver disease management in Hong Kong?

Prof. MF Yuen:

From Asian experience, the use of additional biomarkers, such as PIVKA-II, can significantly increase the pick-up rate of HCC at early stage, increase the likelihood for curative treatments, and thus improve the survival. New digital algorithms combining age, gender and biomarkers, such as GAAD and GALAD, have been proposed since 2013, and currently undergoing clinical validations. Recent data presented during APASL 2023 demonstrated that the use of PIVKA-II based algorithm is more cost-effective than current standard of care among Hepatitis B or cirrhotic patients in Hong Kong, which allows an earlier HCC detection and a reduced cost in subsequent HCC treatment.

Ronald Lo:

Let’s switch the gear a bit. So how do you think we can improve the coordination and integration of care among various healthcare providers and systems?

Prof. MF Yuen:

I think the most important step would be the active involvement of different concerned parties, including health care sectors from government, private institutions, policy makers, patient groups, and different NGOs, to establish a core committee which could liaise with different stakeholders to ensure the implementation of different measures to enhance diagnosis rate, screening strategy and treatment.

Ronald Lo:

And to add on, how do you see the future of liver health in Hong Kong, and what steps do you believe need to be taken to improve the patient outcomes?

Prof. MF Yuen:

The future of liver health in Hong Kong depends on whether we could have a statutory body which taking charge of planning, liaising and implementing different measures at different levels.

Ronald Lo:

Thank you Professor. So probably would be my last question. So how do you see the role of the government and the policy in addressing the liver health ecosystem?

Prof. MF Yuen:

Hong Kong government has been working on different policy making processes and decisions by involving different committees. However, the decisiveness should be more enhanced so that policy can be rolled out at a timely manner.

Ronald Lo:

Professor Yuen, thank you so much for your time today and your inspiring insights on the topics of hepatitis and HCC. And I’m sure that there are always many areas that we could further work on together to improve patient outcomes. And thanks a lot for contributing to the “Combating Cancer” educational platform as well. Thank you so much, thank you!

The views and opinions expressed by Prof. MF Yuen are his own views and opinions. Roche disclaims all liability in relation to these views and opinions.

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